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Operating System Driver Provider Driver Version; Download Driver: Windows XP (64 bit) Crystal Engineering: 2.06.00 Download Driver: Windows Server 2003 (64 bit). Ametek Crystal XP2I-The World’s Most Popular Test Gauge Ultra rugged, intrinsically safe, digital test gauge with 0.1% of reading, 0.02% of full scale, or 0.05% of full scale accuracy levels. New low pressure absolute ranges! 16 psia version now available! Perform Complete HART Device Configurations Using Your Windows Device ProComSol DevCom2000 smart device communicator is based on the HART Communication Foundation's SDC-625 software. Released in 2007, DevCom2000 has benefited from on-going open.

Model	3313
Manufacturer	Crystal Engineering
Manuf. Model	3313
Manufactured In	U.S.
Features	Connects your XP2i / XP2i-DP gauge to any USB port Enables communication with ConFigXP and DataLoggerXP software
Warranty	12 Months
Returns Policy	Covered by our 7 day NQA return guarantee. See our help section for full details.

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(To fully use this software, your XP2i gauge must feature the optional DataLoggerXP upgrade)

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A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that is used for the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material. It will create an electrical signal with a given frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time for example wristwatches are used in digital integrated circuits to provide a stable clock signal and also used to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. Quartz crystal is mainly used in radio-frequency (RF) oscillators. Quartz crystal is the most common type of piezoelectric resonator, in oscillator circuits, we are using them so it became known as crystal oscillators. Crystal oscillators must be designed to provide a load capacitance.

There are different types of oscillator electronic circuits that are in use they are namely: Linear oscillators – Hartley oscillator, Phase-shift oscillator, Armstrong oscillator, Clapp oscillator, Colpitts oscillator. Relaxation oscillators – Royer oscillator, Ring oscillator, Multivibrator and Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). Soon we are going to discuss in detail crystal oscillators like working and applications of a crystal oscillator.

What is a Quartz Crystal?

A quartz crystal exhibits a very important property known as the piezoelectric effect. When mechanical pressure is applied across the faces of the crystal, a voltage which is proportional to mechanical pressure appears across the crystal. That voltage causes distortion in the crystal. The distorted amount will be proportional to the applied voltage and also an alternate voltage applied to a crystal it causes to vibrate at its natural frequency.

The below figure represents the electronic symbol of a piezoelectric crystal resonator and also quartz crystal in an electronic oscillator that consists of resistor, inductor, and capacitors. Download global graphics printers driver.

Crystal Oscillator Circuit Diagram

The above figure is a 20psc New 16MHz Quartz Crystal Oscillator and it is one kind of crystal oscillators, that works with 16MHz frequency.

Generally, bipolar transistors or FETs are used in the construction of Crystal oscillator circuits. This is because operational amplifiers can be used in different low-frequency oscillator circuits which are below 100KHz but operational amplifiers do not have the bandwidth to operate. It will be a problem at the higher frequencies that are matched to crystals which are above 1MHz.

To overcome this problem Colpitts crystal oscillator is designed. It will work at higher Frequencies. In this Oscillator, the LC tank circuit that provides the feedback oscillations has been replaced by a quartz crystal.

Crystal Oscillator Working

The crystal oscillator circuit usually works on the principle of the inverse piezoelectric effect. The applied electric field will produce a mechanical deformation across some materials. Thus, it utilizes the vibrating crystal’s mechanical resonance, which is made with a piezoelectric material for generating an electrical signal of a particular frequency.

Usually, quartz crystal oscillators are highly stable, consist of good quality factor(Q), they are small in size, and are economically related. Hence, quartz crystal oscillator circuits are more superior compared to other resonators like LC circuits, tuning forks. Generally in Microprocessors and Micro controllers we are using an 8MHz crystal oscillator.

The equivalent electrical circuit also describes the crystal action of the crystal. Just look at the equivalent electrical circuit diagram shown in the above. The basic components used in the circuit, inductance L represents crystal mass, capacitance C2 represents compliance, and C1 is used to represent the capacitance that is formed because of crystal’s mechanical moulding, resistance R represents the crystal’s internal structure friction, The quartz crystal oscillator circuit diagram consists of two resonances such as series and parallel resonance, i.e., two resonant frequencies.

The series resonance occurs when the reactance produced by capacitance C1is equal and opposite to the reactance produced by inductance L. The fr and fp represents series and parallel resonant frequencies respectively, and the values of ‘fr’ and ‘fp’ can be determined by using the following equations shown in the figure below.

The above diagram describes an equivalent circuit, plot graph for Resonant frequency, Formulae for Resonant frequencies.

Uses of Crystal Oscillator

In general, we know that, in the design of microprocessors and microcontrollers, crystal oscillators are used for the sake of providing the clock signals. For instance, let us consider 8051 microcontrollers, in this particular controller an external crystal oscillator circuit will work with 12MHz that is essential, even though this 8051 microcontroller (based on model) is capable to work at 40 MHz (max) have to provide 12MHz in most of the cases because for a machine cycle 8051 requires 12 clock cycles, so that to give effective cycle rate at 1MHz (taking 12MHz clock) to 3.33MHz (taking the maximum 40MHz clock). This particular crystal oscillator which is having cycle rate at 1MHz to 3.33MHz is used to generate clock pulses that are required for the synchronization of all the internal operations.

Application of Crystal Oscillator

There are various applications for crystal oscillator in various fields and some of the crystal oscillator applications are given below

Colpitts Crystal Oscillator Application

Colpitts Oscillator is used to generate a sinusoidal output signal at very high frequencies. This oscillator can be used as the different types of sensors such as temperature sensors Because of the SAW device which we are using in Colpitts circuit it senses directly from its surface.

The applications of the Colpitts oscillators mainly involve where the wide range of frequencies is used. Also used in undamped and continuous oscillation condition. Using some devices in the Colpitts circuit, we can achieve grea

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